CEREBRAL PALSY

CEREBRAL PALSY

It is a nonprogressive neuromuscular disorder causing mild to severe disabilities throughout life. This condition is manifested as a group of persisting qualitative motor disorders which appear in young children due to damage to the brain during delivery or due to some pathological conditions in the intrauterine life. The neurological problems are multiple but nonprogressive. Approximately 2 per 100 live birth is having this problem. This disease is having no hereditary tendency.

Causes of cerebral palsy:

1) Injury to the brain during delivery.

2) As a complication of forceps delivery.

3) Lack of oxygen supply to the baby during delivery.

4) Infections during delivery.

Signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy:--

The signs and symptoms may not be similar in all babies affected. Depending upon the damage to the brain there may be mild to severe lesions.

Mild cases:- 20% of children will have mild disability.

Moderate cases:-50% of cases are having a moderate disability. The affected children require self-help for assisting their impaired ambulation capacity.

Severe cases:-About 30% of the affected children are incapacitated and bedridden and they always need care from others.

Abnormal findings in cerebral palsy:-

1, Abnormal neonatal reflexes.

2, Stiffness of all muscles with awkward motion.

3, Extention of extremities on vertical suspension of the infant.

4, Scissoring of the lower limbs due to spasm of the adductor muscles of the thigh.

5, In severe cases the backbend backward like an arch.

6, May have total or partial paralysis.

7, Arrest of neurological and behavioral development.

8, Swallowing may be difficult in some cases.

9, Drooling of saliva.

10, Mild to severe mental retardations.

11, Abnormal movements are seen in some cases.

12, Tremors with typical movements.

13, If the cerebellum is affected there will be loss of muscle tone with difficulty in walking.

14, Complete or partial loss of hearing.

15, Speech may be affected.

16, Squint and other visual problems may be associated.

17, Convulsions may be seen in some children.

Cerebral palsy is diagnosed by detailed clinical examination and by eliminating other similar diseases like brain tumor, progressive atrophy, etc. All investigations like CT scans, MRI, and routine investigations are needed to rule out other diseases.

Management of cerebral palsy:--

General management:

This includes proper nutrition and personal care. Symptomatic medicines are needed to reduce convulsions and muscle stiffness. Diazepam can reduce spasticity and athetosis.

Dantrolene sodium helps to relax skeletal muscles.

Physiotherapy:

Here massage, exercise, hydrotherapy, etc are needed. Special training is given to training walking, swallowing, and talking. The affected children are also trained to hold articles for routine activities.

Rehabilitation:

Moral and social support should be given to these children. They should be sent to special schools where special training can be given by trained staff. Mentally retarded children need special training. Depending upon the disability special instruments and machines are given for locomotion and to assist their day-to-day activities.

Occupational therapy:

This is given by occupational therapists. They train disabled people to do some suitable works so that these people can have their income.